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Lynoral
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Most popular medical Questions
What is a ranula?A large mucocele, usually bluish, painless, soft, and unilateral, that occurs under the tongue. Most of these self-resolve. If a patient has a large one, surgical marsupialization can be done. If the ranula is recurrent, excision may be needed.
Where are Epstein pearls located?
These white, superficial, mobile nodules are usually midline and often paired on the hard palate in many newborns. They are keratin-containing cysts that are asymptomatic, do not increase in size, and usually exfoliate spontaneously within a few weeks.
How common is dental caries in children?
Very common. By 17 years old, only 15-20% of individuals are free from dental caries, and the average child has 8 decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces. Prevention of dental caries involves decreasing the frequency of tooth exposure to carbohydrates (frequency is more important than total amount), using fluoride, brushing the teeth, and using sealants.
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry: www.aapd.org
How does fluoride minimize the development of dental caries?
Topical fluoride from toothbrushing is thought to increase the remineralization of enamel.
Bacterial fermentation of sugar into acid plays a major role in the development of caries, and fluoride inhibits this process.
As teeth are developing, fluoride incorporates into the hydroxyapatite crystal of enamel, thereby making it less soluble and less susceptible to erosion.
What is fluorosis?
Exposure to excessive levels of fluoride during tooth development, primarily in a patient 8 years old, can damage enamel, causing changes that range from mild (lacy white markings) to severe (pitting, mottling, striations).
How effective are dental sealants for preventing cavities?
Dental sealants may reduce the development of caries by up to 80% as compared with rates in untreated teeth. Although fluoride acts primarily by protecting smooth surfaces, dental sealants (commonly bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate) act by protecting the pits and fissures of the surface, especially in posterior teeth. Reapplication may be needed every 2 years. As a preventive dental procedure, it is relatively underused.
How common is gingivitis in children?
Gingivitis is extremely common, affecting nearly 50% of children. The disorder is usually painless and is manifested by the bluish-red discoloration of gums, which are swollen and bleed easily. The cause is bacteria in plaque deposits between teeth; the cure is improved dental hygiene and daily flossing.
What is the largest health-related expense before adulthood for normally developing children?
Dental braces. More than 50% of children have dental malocclusions that could be improved with treatment, but only 10-20% have severe malocclusions that require treatment. For others, the costs and benefits of braces need to be weighed individually. Besides the financial expense, the costs of braces include physical discomfort and some increases in the risk for tooth decay and periodontal disease.
What causes halitosis is children?
Halitosis (bad breath) is usually the result of oral factors, including microbial activity on the dorsal tongue and between the teeth. Conditions associated with postnasal drip, including chronic sinusitis, upper and lower respiratory tract infections, and various systemic diseases are also causes.
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